Metaphors Analysis Essay Example for Free

Metaphors Analysis Essay Economists have an image of practicality and worldliness not shared by physicists and poets. Some economists have earned this image. Others myself and many of my colleagues here at Chicagohave not. Im not sure whether you will take this as a confession or a boast, but we are basically story-tellers, creators of make-believe economic systems. Rather than try to explain what this story-telling activity is about and why I think it is a usefuleven an essentialactivity, I thought I would just tell you a story and let My changes you make of it what you like. story has a point: I want to understand the connection between in the money supply and economic depressions. One way to demonstrate that I understand this connectionI think the only really convincing way would be for me to engineer a depression in the United States by manipulating the U. S. money supply. I think I know how to do this, though Im not absolutely sure, but a real virtue of the democratic system is that we do not look kindly on people who want to use our lives as a laboratory. So I will try to make my depression somewhere else. The location I have in mind is an old-fashioned amusement parkroller coasters, fun house, hot dogs, the works. I am thinking of Kennywood Park in Pittsburgh, where I lived when my children were at the optimal age as amusement park companions a beautiful, turn-of-the-century place on a bluff overlooking the Monongahela River. If you have not seen this particular park, substitute one with which you are familiar, as I want you to try to visualize how the experiment I am going to describe would actually work in practice. 2 Kennywood Park is A useful location for my purposes because it is an entirely independent monetary system. One cannot the park. At the gate, visitors use U. S. dollars then enter the park and spend the tickets. Rides spend U. S. dollars inside to purchase tickets and inside are priced at so many tickets per ride. Ride operators collect these tickets, and at the end of each day theyare cashed in for dollars, like chips in a casino. For obvioua reasons, business in park fluctuates: Sundays are big days, July 4 is even bigger. On most concessions I imagine each ride in the park to be independently operatedthere is some flexibility: an extra person can be called in to help take tickets or to speed people getting on and off the ride, on short-notice if the day is unexpectedly big or with advanced notice if it is predictable. If business is disappointingly slow, an operator will let some of his help leave early. So GNP in the park (total tickets fluctuate from want to call a spent) and employment (the number of man hours worked) will one day to the next due to fluctuations in demand. Do we slow daya Monday or a Tuesday, saya depression? Surely not. By an economic depression we mean something that ought not to happen, something pathological,not normal seasonal or daily ups and downs. This, I imagine,is how the park works. (I say imagine because I am just making most of this up as I go along. ). Technically, Kennywood Park is a fixed exchange rate system, since its central bankthe cashiers office at the gate stands ready to exchange local currencyticketsfor foreign currencyUS dollarsat a fixed rate. In this economy, there is an obvious sense in which the number of tickets in circulation is economically irrelevant. No-onecustomer or concessioner really cares about the number of tickets per ride except insofar as these prices reflect U. S. dollars per ride. If the number of 3 tickets per U. S. dollar were doubled from 10 to 20, and if the prices of all rides were doubled in terms of tickets6 tickets per roller coaster ride instead of 3and if everyone understood that these changes had occurred, it just wouldnot make any important difference. Such a doubling of the money supply and of prices would amount to a 100 percent inflation in terms of local currency, but so what? Yet I want to show you that changes in the quantity of moneyin the number of tickets in circulationhave the capacity to induce depressions or booms in this economy (just as I think they do in reality). To do so, I ’ want to imagine subjecting Kennywood Park to an entirely operational experiment. Think of renting the suitable compensation, and taking office Neither the operators of park from its owners for one Sunday, for over the functions of the cashiers concessions nor the customers are to. be informed of this. Then, with no advance warning to anyone inside the park, and no communication to them as to what is going on, the cashiers are instructed for this one day to give 8 tickets per dollar instead of 10. What will happen? We can imagine a variety of reactions. Some customers, discouraged or angry, will turn around and go home. Others, coming to the park with a dollar budget fixed by Mom, will just buy 80 percent of the tickets they would have bought otherwise. Still others will shell out 20 percent more dollars and behave as they would have in the absence of this change in exchange rates. I would have to know much more than I do about Kennywood Park patrons to judge how many would fall into each of these categories, but it is pretty clear that no-one will be induced to take more tickets than if the experiment had not taken place, many will buy fewer, and thus that the total number of tickets in circulationthe money supply of this amusement park economy willtake a drop below what it otherwise would have been on this Sunday. Now how does all of this look from the point of view of the operator of a ride or the guy selling hot dogs? Again, there will be a variety of reactions. In general, most operators will notice that the park seems kind of empty, for a Sunday, and that customers dont seem to be spending like they usually do. More time is being spent on freebies, the river view or a walk through the gardens. Many operators take this personally. Those who were worried that their ride was becoming passe get additional confirmation. Those who thought they were just starting to become popular, and had had thoughts of adding some capacity, begin to wonder if they had perhaps become over-optimistic. On many concessions, the extra employees hired to deal with the expected Sunday crowd are sent home early. A gloomy, depressed mood What I have The reduction in and employment. settles in. done, in short, is to engineer a depression in the park. the quantity of money has led to a reduction in real output And this depression is indeed a kind of pathology. Customers are arriving at the park,eager to spend and enjoy themselves. Concessioners are ready and waiting to serve them. By introducing a glitch into the parks monetary system, we have prevented (not physically, but just as effectively) buyers and sellers from getting together to consummate mutually advantageous trades.. That is the end of my story. Rather than offer you some of my opinions about the nature and causes of depressions in the United States, I simply made a depression and let you watch it unfold. I hope you found it convincing on its own terms that what I said would happen in the park as the result of my manipulations would in fact happen. If so, then you will 5 agree that by increasing the number of tickets per dollar we could as easily have engineered a boom Sunday after our manipulations boom in the park. But we could not, clearly, engineer a Sunday by this method. Our experiment worked only because caught everyone by surprise. We could have avoided the depression by leaving things alone, but we could not use monetary manipulation to engineer a permanently higher level of prosperity in the park. The clarity with which these effects can be seen is the key advantage of operating in simplified, fictional worlds. The disadvantage, it must be conceded, is that we are not really interested in understanding and preventing depressions in hypothetical * amusement parks. We are interested in our own, vastly more complicated . society. To apply the knowledge we have gained about depressions in Kennywood Park, we must be willing to argue by analogy from what we know about one situation to what we would like to know about another, quite different situation. And, as we all know, the analogy that one person finds persuasive, his neighbor may well find ridiculous. Well, that is why honest people can disagree. can do about it, except keep trying to tell better I dont know what one and better stories, to provide the raw material for better and more instructive analogies. How else can we free ourselves from the limits of historical experience so as to discover ways in which our society can operate better than it has in the past? In any case, operating much of that is what economists do. We are storytellers, the time in worlds of make believe. We do not find the realm of imagination and ideas is an alternative to, or a retreat practical reality. On the contrary, it is the only way we have found think seriously about reality. that from, to 6 In a way, there is nothing more to this method than maintaining the conviction (which I know you have after fouryears at Chicago) that imagination and ideas matter.. I hope you can do this in follow. It is fun and interesting and, really, there is alternative. Robert E. Lucas, Jr. December 9, 1988 the years that no practical.

American Slavery :: Slavery Essays

  The purpose of this report was for me to research and explore the connection between African American women and music.  Ã‚  Since prior to the slave decades, music has been an integral part of African American society, and served as a form of social, economic, and emotional support in African American communities in the past and present.  Ã‚  This paper will cover three different types of secular music that emerged during the slave days, through the civil war, reconstruction, and depression periods.  Ã‚  They are blues, jazz, and gospel music.  Ã‚  Each of these forms of music are still in existence today.  Ã‚  In addition to exploring the history of each of these genres of music, this report will identify three African American female music legends, Bessie Smith, Emma Barrett, and Mahalia Jackson. Blues emerged in the period between the end of the civil war, and the beginning of the 20th century.  Ã‚  Originating in the fields of the rural south, it became popular after the emancipation of the slaves.  Ã‚  In this form of music, the singer and composer is one in the same, a characteristic not evident in the spiritual songs of the slave communities.  Ã‚  Spirituals were somewhat of a passage way for blues.  Ã‚  Blues followed blacks to urban societies as spirituals followed the slaves onto the plantations.  Ã‚  The differences between these types of music were that spirituals were collective, whereas an individual sang blues.  Ã‚  Blues attributed to the evolution of black society toward individualism after the collective society of slavery.  Ã‚  Blues became know as the music of the black working class.  Ã‚  It was a way for African Americans to express the modern problems of economics, social errors, and poverty and power struggles they faced after they became free.  Ã‚  African Americans were still living in unjust societies, where jobs were hard to find.  Ã‚  They began to migrate north, but the case remained the same.  Ã‚  They used music for economic gain in nightclubs, corner halls, publishing, and recording.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the greatest African American female blues singers was Bessie Smith.  Ã‚  She was born on April 15, 1894 or 1898.  Ã‚  The exact date is unknown.  Ã‚  Her father William was a preacher, who died when Bessie was very young.  Ã‚  This left her mother to raise seven children on her own.  Ã‚  When Bessie was nine years old, her mother Laura had passed away, and two of her brothers had died as well.  Ã‚  The oldest sister brought up the five remaining brothers and sisters.  Ã‚  Prior to the death of Bessie’s mother, she was singing on a street corner to the accompaniment of her brother’s guitar.

Mastery Is Maturity

In life, there is a time when one loses his or her innocence, later resulting in new awakenings that cause an individual to see their world in a different view. Throughout the novel, Harper Lee illustrates the journey of two characters, Jem and Scout Finch, to adulthood. Scout, Jem, and their childhood friend, Dill, often mess around with their neighbor, Boo Radley. Boo is a mysterious man that isolates himself inside his house, but makes an appearance at the end of the book in order to save Jem from Mr. Ewell. Ewell wants to assert his power through threats of violence to anyone associated with Tom Robinson. Scout and Jem do not have much of a connection with Tom directly, but attacking them is a powerful way to hurt Atticus, their father, a defense attorney, who accuses Bob Ewell of abusing Mayella. Through Scout and Jem’s adventures and journeys, they eventually mature from mere children to wise adults. Prior to Tom Robinson’s trial, Jem and Scout are both innocent and naive. However, as they witness Tom Robinson’s trial they are able to perceive the inequality and racism within their community. Through this experience, Scout and Jem later experience life differently by realizing that everything is not always the same what it seems like. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee demonstrates that the transition to adulthood involves the loss of sweet innocence while gradually understanding the adult world through the characters of Jem and Scout. Initially, Jem acts childishly, but when he experiences the harshness of the adult world, he begins to have a greater understanding of the real world and changes him so that he becomes more mature. In the beginning, Jem, Scout, and Dill are fascinated by Boo Radley and believe that he is a ghost-like person since he is never seen outside his house. Once, the children decided to concoct a plan to force Boo Radley come out of his house. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? While Dill and Scout deliberate a plan, Jem warns Dill about the consequences that may arise from executing this plan. Jem says, â€Å"I hope you’ve got it through your head that he’ll kill us, each and everyone, Dill Harris. Don’t blame me when he gouges your eyes out,† (Lee 17). When Jem says that Boo will â€Å"kill us,† it shows the absurd perception and child-like view that he has of Boo, whom he hardly knows. It furthers shows that when children are young and naive, they tend to exaggerate reality and draw unrealistic conclusions about situations or people. When Lee writes, â€Å"he gouges your eyes out,† Lee illustrates that Jem is childish because he characterizes Boo as a monster. Jem’s judgment of Boo is considered accurate because society perceives Boo as a monster. Children readily believe what adults regard as the truth without considering what the truth really is. Most people of Maycomb County view Boo Radley as a monster. As for now, Jem also sees him as such. However, as Jem grows older, he starts to look at situations in a more sophisticated manner. Subsequently, Dill secretly runs away from home and sneaks into Scout and Jem’s house. Jem must decide whether he should tell Atticus about Dill’s escape or not to show that he is responsible. Jem believes that telling Atticus is the right thing to do because he wants Atticus to know that he's responsible. Eventually, he tells him and announces to Dill, â€Å"‘Dill, I had to tell him, you can’t run three hundred miles off without your mother knowing. ’ [Scout and Dill] left him without a word. †(Lee 188). When Jem argues, â€Å"I had to tell him,† it shows that he is becoming more responsible. Even though Scout and Dill would be upset with him, Jem is aware that ultimately telling Atticus is the right decision. Jem says that he â€Å"had† to, which shows that he is starting to make the right choices in life rather than succumbing to what his friend and his sister may want him to do. He makes his decision based on what is right for Dill, which reveals his maturity. Clearly, Jem evolves and matures as he starts to understand the adult world and begins to form his own opinions of what is right and wrong. On the other hand, Scout also begins to understand the adult world as she begins to grasp her father’s lessons about empathy, relating his teachings to the real world. This causes her to become more mature and grow over time. Scout is originally enraptured by Boo Radley’s isolated existence, but later sees the world from Boo’s perspective and begins to understand Boo’s decisions. Like most of the people of Maycomb, Scout has misconceptions about Boo Radley because he hides inside his house. Scout rationalizes that Boo Radley must be dead. In one instance, Miss Maudie and Scout discuss Boo Radley’s history. Since Scout has never seen Boo before, she explains to Miss Maudie why she thinks Boo is dead. Miss Maudie’s responds to Scout’s inquiry, â€Å"What a morbid question†¦ I know he’s alive, Jean Louise, because I haven’t seen him carried out yet. However, Scout childishly responds, â€Å"Maybe he died and they stuffed him up the chimney. † (Lee 57). While Miss Maudie, being an adult, makes reasonable conclusions using logical reasoning of situations, Scout does not understand Miss Maudie’s reasoning due to the rumors she hears aro und town. Scout justifies her thoughts about Boo Radley by theorizing that Boo’s father must have, â€Å"stuffed him up the chimney. † She expresses her childish outlook because she easily falls for what others say about Boo Radley rather than understand the situation from Boo’s perspective. Because children are inexperienced in situations concerning the real world, they believe everything they hear, and cannot distinguish between what is true and false. This shows that Scout is still very much a young child. Near the end of the story, when Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout, Boo saves them. This leads Scout to change her perspective about who Boo Radley really is. She starts to connect her father’s teachings to real life. Once Scout finally meets Boo and is asked to take him home, she realizes that â€Å"Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough. † (Lee 374). The words, â€Å"Atticus was right† imply that, prior to the attack, she did not comprehend Atticus’ message. However, when Scout applies her father’s teachings to her understanding of Boo Radley, it demonstrates that she now grasps what Atticus was trying to teach her. Scout learns one cannot judge others by their outer qualities or their appearance, but to understand a person entirely. It is important to refrain from judging others but â€Å"[stand] in [their] shoes and [walk] around in them. She puts to action Atticus’ words of â€Å"standing in one’s shoes† by literally standing on Boo Radley’s porch steps, leading Scout to understanding all the previous events through Boo Radley’s perspective. Through this experience, Scout grows and learns by losing her innocence and becomes more mature by understanding. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem and Scout’s comin g of age begins with their childish outlook of life, leading into their eventual understanding of the adult world. By the end of the novel, Jem and Scout have evolved into young adults that become more responsible. They have not fully understood every aspect of life, but they are beginning to, as through the events concerning Boo Radley, the Tom Robinson’s trial, and the Bob Ewell’s attack. Thanks to Atticus’s life teachings, Scout has been equipped with the tools to navigate the world by maintaining compassion and empathy in their lives. On the other hand, by learning from his experiences and what he has witnessed, Jem is also now responsible and able to understand the real world. Now their world is indeed different, but as the old adage states: With experience brings maturity and wisdom.

Old South, New South, or Down South - 1600 Words

Old South, New South, or Down South?: Florida and the Modern Civil Rights Movement is a book full of many insightful accounts of the history of our so called Sunshine State, Florida meant to expose the dirt that is otherwise brushed under the carpet by our government. It is meant to expose the stories of racial discrimination and violence that went on in Florida beginning in the 1950s and how difficult it has been for African Americans to live a comfortable life. I believe that this book did a good job of offering a lot of information and history while â€Å"presenting new visions of Florida’s racial past and encourages new ideas about what civil rights meant to constituencies around the state and possible the nation.† In key Jr’s study he†¦show more content†¦In 1960 there were still African American Organizations that were protesting schools because there was â€Å"only on toilet, no electricity and no drinking water† These are no conditions f or the children of the future, the government is supposed to be caring for the future, not shunning them away. There were the saints that were there for the benefit of the ones who weren’t receiving what they deserved, which is a good education. Mary McLeod Bethune was a women who in 1904 founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training school for Negro Girls in Midway, â€Å"the school appealed to moderate elements in the white community by stressing domestic and industrial training and â€Å"Negro Uplift† it was â€Å"an oasis in the dessert of segregation that not only provided leadership to the community but also inspiration that they too can do something. When there is an improvement I can see that Florida was stepping towards a better place but still stuck in the delaying tactics of the Down South. Although the Florida’s pupil assignment program made it so that children were able to transfer, it made it near impossible for them to do so, which i s a sick tactic thatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Flannery OConnor590 Words   |  3 Pagesviews on the decaying south up to her death. â€Å" Everything That Rises Must Converge† was one of O’Connor’s last pieces before lupus took her life. The titleâ€Å" Everything That Rises Must Converge† is borrowed from the works of Teilhard de Chardin. â€Å"The religion philosopher explains the ideal of everything and everyone will be joined at the end of the geologic time.† (179) The author uses this theme to explain in the story how the old south and the new south emerge creating one south. The author’s agendaRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams672 Words   |  3 Pagesof the exciting and fresh new themes, who began the way deep plays were written in 1924. But, perhaps one of the most controversial plays—and maybe the greatest known of the era—is Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, a tale of one woman ’s destruction due to Southern society’s changing moral values. The destruction of the Old Southern society around the main character, Blanche DuBois, causes her to go insane and she cannot stand the low morals that the New South is carrying in its baggageRead MoreEmily Grierson : Story And Town Symbol Of The Old South1535 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Grierson: Story and Town Symbol of the Old South William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story about an elderly woman, Emily Grierson who represents the old south. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† consists of five parts. The story begins with the death of Emily Grierson. Then, the narrator takes the readers into a flashback to the time Miss Emily Grierson is alive. The narrator explains Grierson as a representation of the old south. The narrator describes Miss Emily Grierson actions rather than explainRead MoreDiscuss how class conflict is represented in A Streetcar Named Desire. (A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams)1212 Words   |  5 Pagesplace in New Orleans, and can be read as being during any year between May and September. The story revolves around Blanche Dubois and her conflict with Stanley Kowalski. Blanche s character represents the old aristocratic south and the upper class of the play through her manner and cultural capital (her education and sophisticated dialogue). She s cultivated an d bound by heritage (Belle Reve) and tradition. The upper class is associated with intellectual strength. Stanley represents the new industrialRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard And Find By Flannery O Connor, The Old South1263 Words   |  6 PagesIn the short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor, the old south is perfectly represented. The short story occurs in Georgia where a family is traveling to Florida. While on their way, the family has a car accident near an old plantation because of a distraction by their grandmother s cat. Due to this, the family encounters a man who the grandmother recognizes from the newspapers as a man called The Misfit. This man is famous for being on a killing spree. In spite of this knowledgeRead MoreThe State Of Freedom For The African American People867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1860s there was a lot of different stands on the state of freedom for the African-American people in the south, also a false identit y of freedom for the quote on quote freed slaves. During this time there were multiple documents stating the condition of the south by observation, also to further educate the Northerners of the condition of the US and following up on the progress that was being made after the civil war. All of the documents were all very detail, as well came from a veryRead MoreAmerican Nations1330 Words   |  6 Pagesreluctance to reform is predictable. Since early pre-civil war era, our country has been broken up into many different cultures from our initial settlers. Four of the biggest of these cultures includes Yankeedom, Midland, Appalachia, and the Deep South attempting to expand westerly in an attempt to control the federal government. Yankeedom came from the Puritan’s and their, â€Å"city on a hill,† who care about the greater good for all, which meant overlooking no problems; such as slavery. This cultureRead MoreJames M. Mcpherson : An American Civil War Essay1397 Words   |  6 Pageswriters, he believes there are multiple causes to the war but that the underlying cause was slavery and that Southern states used the saying â€Å"States’ Rights† to justify their actions of slavery and secession. It became a psychological necessity for the South to deny that the war was about slavery that they were fighting for the preservation, defense and perpetuation of their institution of â€Å"States†™ Rights† but McPherson does believe that the underlying cause came from both the secession from the UnionRead MoreThe Importance of Traditions in A Rose For Emily and The Boat935 Words   |  4 PagesThe loss of tradition is a sub theme in both short stories, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Boat by Alistair Macleod. In the former, the loss of tradition is seen by Miss Emily losing her way of life in the old South. In the latter, the boat is the tradition for the story. The tradition is lost as outsiders come in and the daughters leave with the effeminate strangers and abandon the community and the cherished way of life of their mother. However, this tradition represented by Emily’sRead MoreThe Goophered Grapevine1521 Words   |  7 Pagesone of them. Chesnutt, author of â€Å"The Goophered Grapevine†, writes a story that represents the sentiments of that time: the north was in the south, yet the south was resistant. The reason for this invasion was to reconstruct after the Civil War. This story shows the symbolic relationship, through characters, and even with dialect, of the North and the South during the aftermath of the civil war—the power struggle. Taking this story apart, literary wise, you cannot help but notice how there is many